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To distinguish it from a number of other rivers of the same name , it is often called the Bristol Avon. The name 'Avon' is a cognate of the Welsh word afon , meaning 'river'. The Avon rises just north of the village of Acton Turville in South Gloucestershire , before flowing through Wiltshire.
In its lower reaches from Bath to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth near Bristol , the river is navigable and known as the Avon Navigation. The Avon is the 19th longest river in the United Kingdom, at 83 miles km , although there are just 19 miles 31 km as the crow flies between the source and its mouth in the Severn Estuary. The catchment area is 2, square kilometres sq mi. Several ponds and streams form on the high ground west of Sherston , where they converge to form the river.
Several claims are therefore made as to the precise source of the Avon. Ordnance Survey maps place the source at Joyce's Pool in Didmarton , where there is a plaque to mark the source of the river.
Running a somewhat circular path, the river drains east and then south through Wiltshire. At Malmesbury it joins up with its first major tributary, the Tetbury Avon , which rises just north of Tetbury in Gloucestershire. Here, the two rivers almost meet but their path is blocked by a rocky outcrop of the Cotswolds , almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of Malmesbury to sit on.
Upstream of this confluence the river is sometimes referred to as the 'River Avon Sherston Branch ' to distinguish it from the Tetbury Branch. After the two rivers merge, the Avon then turns south east away from the Cotswolds and then quickly south into the clay Dauntsey Vale , where it is joined by the River Marden , until it reaches the biggest town so far, Chippenham. The wide vale is now known as the Avon Vale, and the river flows on via Lacock to Melksham , then turns north-west through Bradford on Avon , where the centre of the town grew up around the ford across the river Avon, hence the origin of the town's name "Broad-Ford".
The Norman side is upstream, and has pointed arches; the newer side has curved arches. The Town Bridge and Chapel is a grade I listed building. It was originally a packhorse bridge , but widened in the 17th century by rebuilding the western side. The Avon Valley between Bradford on Avon and Bath is a classic geographical example of a valley where four forms of ground transport are found: road, rail, river, canal.
The aqueduct consists of three arches and is yards m long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft 18 m span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft 10 m across, all with V-jointed arch stones.
The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.
James McIlquham was appointed contractor. It then flows past Claverton Pumping Station , which pumped water from the River Avon by Warleigh Weir into the canal, using power from the flow of the river. The pumping station is located in a pump house built of Bath Stone, located at river level. Water is diverted from the river by Warleigh Weir, about yd m upstream. The water flows down a leat to the pumping station, where it powers a water wheel , 24 ft 7.
At full power the wheel uses 2 tons 2 tonnes of water per second and rotates five times a minute. From here, cranks drive vertical connecting rods which transfer the energy to two 18 ft 5. Each rocking beam in turn drives an 18 in 0. Each pump stroke raises 50 imperial gallons l; 60 US gal of water to the canal.
Cleveland Bridge was built in by William Hazledine , [19] owner of the Coalbrookdale Ironworks, with Henry Goodridge as the architect, [20] on the site of a Roman ferry crossing.
Named after the 3rd Duke of Cleveland , it spans the River Avon at Bathwick , and enabled further development of Georgian Bath to take place on the south side of the river.
It was designed by architect Henry Goodridge to take the traffic of his day, horse-drawn vehicles and pedestrians, and was constructed using Bath Stone and a cast iron arched span. Pulteney Bridge was completed in and is designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed structure. Floods in and wrecked the north side of the bridge, which had been constructed with inadequate support.
It was rebuilt by John Pinch the Elder , surveyor to the Pulteney estate, in a less ambitious version of Adam's design. Some metres below Pulteney weir, the river is joined by the Kennet and Avon Canal which connects through Bath Locks.
Together with the Kennet Navigation which joins the River Thames at Reading, this provides a through route for canal boats from Bristol to London. From this point downstream the river is known as the Avon Navigation. The Avon above Bath remains navigable as far as Bathampton where there is the remains of a flash lock.
However, the lock past the weir below Pulteney Bridge was demolished when the weir was reconstructed, so passage between the sections is only possible for dinghies and canoes using the roller slipway on the side of the weir.
For much of its course after leaving Wiltshire, it marks the traditional boundary between Somerset and Gloucestershire. For most of this distance the navigation makes use of the natural river bed, with six locks overcoming a rise of 30 feet 9 m. The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs. In November the navigation between Bath and Bristol was closed because of safety concerns about Victoria Bridge.
Weston Cut is a man made channel, opened in , for boats to approach and pass through Weston Lock; the island created between the cut and the river weir became known as Dutch Island after the owner of the brass mill established on the riverside in the early 18th century. Kelston Lock and weir have permanent moorings above and below them. The Riverside Inn and Saltford Marina are also close by.
Saltford Lock and weir are overlooked by the remains of the Kelston Brass Mill, which was working until It is a Grade II listed building. The lock was opened in and destroyed in by rival coal dealers to stop the use of the river for transportation. Keynsham Lock opened in The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the River Chew.
Hanham is the last tidal lock, [11] after which the river is joined by Brislington Brook. Netham Lock is the point at Netham in Bristol at which boats from the Avon gain access to Bristol's floating harbour. Construction started in to build the tidal New Cut , where it is joined by the River Malago , and divert the Avon along the Feeder Canal to the harbour; a system designed and built by William Jessop and later improved by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.
Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.
The harbour is protected by an s replacement for Jessop's locks. This unusual dock has a tentacled plan resulting from its origins as the natural river course of the Avon and its tributaries , the River Frome and Siston Brook , and is intimately entwined with Bristol's city centre as few docks are. As a result of this, the floating harbour is one of the more successful pieces of dockland regeneration, with much of the dockside now occupied by residential, office and cultural premises, and the water area heavily used by leisure craft.
The harbour gave the port an advantage by enabling shipping to stay afloat rather than grounding when the tide went down. Downstream of central Bristol, the river passes through the deep Avon Gorge , spanned by Brunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge : the river is tidal and is navigable by seagoing vessels at high tide but dries to a steep-sided muddy channel at low tide.
It was largely the challenge of navigating this section that sealed the fate of the floating harbour as commercial docks and saw them replaced by docks at Avonmouth where the Avon joins the Severn Estuary. Shortly after, it passes the village of Pill on the south bank where the Pill Hobblers were based in order to tow ships up the river to Bristol and where yachts and other boats still have moorings in Chapel Pill and Crockerne Pill. The main span is ft m long, and the bridge is 4, ft 1, m long, with an air draught above mean high water level of The river then serves two major dock areas.
The Royal Portbury Dock is on the southern side of the mouth of the river. The deepwater dock was constructed between and , and is now a major port for the import of motor vehicles. The Royal Portbury Dock has the largest entrance lock into any UK port, accommodating vessels up to 41 m ft beam, m ft length and The Avonmouth Docks are on the north side of the river and are one of the UK's major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables.
In , a much larger dock, the Royal Edward Dock, was opened. The docks form part of the Port of Bristol and were operated by the Port of Bristol Authority, part of Bristol City Council , until when the council granted a year lease to the Bristol Port Company.
At Great Somerford the Avon has a mean flow rate of 3. At Saltford the range is 0. The highest was on 25 December when it reached 5.
For the purpose of water quality monitoring and improvement the river is divided into several catchment management areas; South of Malmesbury, Bristol Avon Rural and Bristol Avon Urban. The main reasons for not achieving good scores are pollution from waste water, agriculture and rural land management.
The pollution from upstream is added to by the effects of industry, manufacturing and other businesses and is significantly affected by physical modifications to the water course. The river is important for its dragonfly communities, with a strong population of Scarce Chaser found in only six other areas in England , [50] together with a strong population of White-legged Damselfly.
The river is also important for aquatic plants, including Loddon Pondweed. It represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, it has aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation within South West England. The bodies of mammoths Mammuthus and horses Equus have been found at the site. The Avon Gorge has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest because it supports some rare fauna and flora, including species unique to the gorge.
There are a total of 24 rare plant species and two unique trees: the Bristol and Wilmotts's whitebeams. The site is of considerable importance for studies relating to the possible glaciation of the area, and of the terrace stratigraphy , particularly as it is one of only two accessible terrace deposits in this part of the Avon valley. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, they have aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation within South West England.
At Horseshoe Bend, Shirehampton the wooded cliff and a narrow salt marsh are supported by rocks of Devonian sandstone and Carboniferous limestone , overlain by with Triassic Dolomitic conglomerate. The site's principal interest and the reason for its designation as an SSSI is the presence of a population of the true service-tree Sorbus domestica growing on the cliffs.
This tree is nationally rare in Britain, and this site hosts the largest known population in England. Other notable species of Sorbus here are the whitebeams Sorbus eminens and Sorbus anglica , both of which are also nationally rare in Britain.
The nationally scarce large-leaved lime Tilia platyphyllos also occurs, and herbs include field garlic Allium oleraceum and pale St. John's-wort Hypericum montanum.
The saltmarsh vegetation, which lies at the base of the cliff, is predominantly made up of sea aster Aster tripolium and English scurvygrass Cochlearia anglica. There are however two nationally scarce vascular plant species here as well — slender hare's-ear Bupleurum tenuissimum and long-stalked orache Atriplex longipes. The tidal reaches of the River Avon provide habitat for waterbirds, with 64 species having been recorded up to , [63] including 21 species of shorebird , [64] and 13 species of gull.
Twenty-five minor watercourses were added to the Authority's jurisdiction in Privatisation saw responsibility for the catchment pass to the National Rivers Authority on its formation on 1 September
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